Articles - What
Happened to the Basic Four Food Groups?
The USDA was originally given the conflicting task of educating the
public on agricultural matters while simultaneously working with food
producers to provide a reliable and consistent food supply. This has,
over the course of time, led to our ever evolving dietary guidelines,
and yet is the purpose of these guidelines for our health or to sell
more food?
Would You Believe There Were Once 12 Food Groups?
The food guides during the 1930's were heavily influenced by The
Great Depression and at that time included 12 separate groups!
In 1956 the USDA produced the "Basic Four" food guide. The Dairy
Industry was so enthusiastic they heavily promoted the plan, and why
not; since milk, eggs and butter were suggested as a separate food
group, it only made sense that the Dairy Industry would be quite
pleased.
In grade school in the 1960s we were taught three square meals a day
were what was best, and any other eating was considered a "snack." What
is a snack? Is it extra food when you're not hungry? Is it something to
do when your bored? Is it a social activity (standing around a table
laden with food at a party)?
And just what was a square meal? It was based on the "Basic Four Food
Groups" as they were defined at that time:
1. Milk
2. Meat
3. Fruit & Vegetables
4. Grains
Four groups, four sides, four square! Neat. Easy. People could "get"
this, and that was the point. Make it easy enough for the average person
to understand.
In the 1970's research began making a case that the over consumption
of certain foods such as fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium,
increased chances for heart disease and diabetes and thereby caused the
USDA to attempt to further modify their guidelines.
This was met with scorn, ridicule and very heavy resistance from the
meat and dairy industries. They fought tooth-and-nail to keep the
guidelines as they were, but to no avail. Eventually we ended up with
the Food Pyramid.
Big Foods Wins Again
In 1988 and 1989, the USDA produced the Eating Right Pyramid,
emphasizing grains and other plant foods, and de-emphasizing animal
products. It was set for approval in 1991. Just prior to it's scheduled
release the meat, dairy, and egg lobbyists finally took notice and
heavily attacked the plan due for it's misrepresentation on their
products.
Complaints were made to the Secretary of Agriculture, Edward R.
Madigan, that this pyramid would hurt the sales of beef. The National
Milk Producers Association joined in the fight, and within weeks the new
Eating Right Pyramid was withdrawn. Big food wins again! Secretary
Madigan gave as his reason for the withdrawal that the plan was,
"confusing to children."
Next came the protests from the American Cancer Society, the American
Medical Association and other health and medical organizations over the
withdrawal of the pyramid. In July 1991 a private firm was hired, and
charged with the task of testing the pyramid on a select group of
children and those with minimal education. The resulting $855,000 study
determined the plan was indeed sound, and it was again scheduled for
release.
In April 1992 the Eating Right Pyramid was released, one year late
due to the 33 changes demanded by the meat and dairy industries, nearly
all of which were incorporated into the design.
Keep in mind that the dietary guidelines are a product of the food
manufacturers greater needs (selling more product) with a rough balance
of the health industry's attempt to influence public opinion.
The Eating Right Pyramid Attacked by Atkins Diet and Other Low Carb
Diets
Today, in the early 2000s, we are again revising the USDA's
recommendations. Formerly heavily leaning toward the consumption of
breads and cereals (it never made a point of being specific about
grains, but it make sense. The food industry is interested in selling
processed grains, not whole grains), it appears we'll soon move back to
the plan of the early 1930s which emphases meat and dairy, or maybe not.
Only time will tell who will win the fight this time around. And the
cycle continues. What's up next for our dietary guidelines is anyone's
guess, which is why I suggest the common sense diet.
Eat good food and more of it. End of story.
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